Summoning

Within the story, there's some disagreement on what consitutes summoning. Batak does not consider releasing a primordial to be summoning: "Primordials can't be summoned, since they're down here with us already." "What they can be is set loose."^[2] Sudomir, on the other hand, considers this to be summoning: "That is why they call it a 'summoning' ritual". "Technically, the primordial isn't on the same plane of existence as the rest of us".^[3] The angel seemingly agrees with the latter statement when it talks about "primordial gaining access to the material plane"^[4].

In the time loop, no summoning of spirits (angels or demons) is possible, as the time loop reality is cut off from the spiritual realms^[5].

Outside the time loop, Kylae Kuosi summons an angel at the request of Zach and Zorian (vouched for by Alanic). The angel gives Zorian a cube (possibly some sort of spell formula unfamiliar to Zorian) and says "Use it to summon me for the final battle".^[4]

Quatach-Ichl (together with his simulacrums) summons a bunch of demons while hiding behind the wards of Iasku Mansion^[6].

Stereotypically, angel summoning uses a blue colored spell formula circle^[4][6], whereas demon summoning uses a red spell formula circle^[6].

It is possible to summon objects (like Ilsa did with plates^[7]), and familiars (Briam did it with his fire drake familiar^[8]). It is unknown how it is related to the recall spell, and whether this should be including in summoning at all.